ABSTRACT
Resumen La diferencia entre la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en América Latina y las reportadas en otras regiones del mundo, podría estar explicada en parte por las características culturales, políticas y económicas propias de cada territorio. Además, la exposición e interacción de factores e indicadores de riesgo pueden variar en cada región. Hasta el momento no se ha reportado alguna revisión de literatura ni revisión sistemática sobre los factores e indicadores de riesgo presentes y estudiados en Latinoamérica. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es reportar la evidencia disponible sobre las condiciones modificadoras del riesgo (indicadores y factores de riesgo) que se han estudiado en la población latinoamericana, y proponer recomendaciones para las futuras investigaciones que permitan realizar revisiones sistemáticas en esta región. A partir de los hallazgos de esta revisión, los autores consideran que es necesario aumentar las publicaciones científicas, y especialmente la investigación analítica sobre factores de riesgo y sus interacciones con las particularidades propias de cada país latinoamericano, siguiendo metodologías estándar basadas en la nueva clasificación de la enfermedad periodontal para que en un futuro sea posible recopilar esta información en revisiones sistemáticas sobre factores de riesgo.
Abstract The difference between the prevalence of periodontal disease in Latin America and those reported in other regions of the world, could be explained in part by the cultural, political and economic characteristics of each territory. Furthermore, the exposure and interaction of risk factors and indicators may be different in each region. So far, no literature review or systematic review has been reported on the risk factors and indicators present and studied in Latin America. The aim of this narrative review is to report the available evidence on the risk modifying conditions (indicators and risk factors) that have been studied in the Latin American population, and to give recommendations for future research in the region that will allow for systematic reviews in the context of our region. Based on the findings of this review, the authors consider that it is necessary to increase scientific publications, especially analytical research on risk factors and their interactions with the specific characteristics of each Latin American country, following standard methodologies based on the new classification of the disease. periodontal so that in the future it is possible to compile this information in systematic reviews on risk factors.
Resumo A diferença entre a prevalência da doença periodontal na América Latina e as relatadas em outras regiões do mundo pode ser parcialmente explicada pelas características culturais, políticas e econômicas de cada território. Além disso, a exposição e interação dos fatores e indicadores de risco podem variar em cada região. Até o momento, nenhuma revisão de literatura ou revisão sistemática foi relatada sobre os fatores e indicadores de risco presentes e estudados na América Latina. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é relatar as evidências disponíveis sobre as condições modificadoras de risco (indicadores e fatores de risco) que têm sido estudadas na população latino-americana e propor recomendações para pesquisas futuras que permitam revisões sistemáticas nesta região. Com base nos resultados desta revisão, os autores consideram que é necessário aumentar as publicações científicas, e principalmente as pesquisas analíticas sobre os fatores de risco e suas interações com as particularidades de cada país latino-americano, seguindo metodologias padronizadas baseadas na nova classificação da doença periodontal para que futuramente seja possível coletar essas informações em revisões sistemáticas sobre fatores de risco.
ABSTRACT
Background: Periodontitis has been associated with several systemic diseases and medical conditions, including oral cancer (OC). However, most studies reporting an association between OC and periodontal disease have used different clinical and radiographic criteria to define periodontal disease. This review aimed to evaluate the currently available evidence to determine an association between periodontal disease (extension and severity), OC, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs).Material and methods: A systematic search of studies published up to August 2018 was performed following the PRISMA guidelines in the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed) and COCHRANE (OVID). A methodological evaluation was made using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist.Results: Eight studies (case-control, cross-sectional and cohort) were included. An increased clinical attachment loss, plaque index, bleeding on probing, and radiographic bone loss was found in patients with OC and OPMDs. Differences in the methodological characteristics, case definition used for periodontal diseases, and OC location did not allow estimating the odds ratio required to conduct a meta-analysis.Conclusion: Some studies suggest a positive relationship between periodontal disease, OC, and OPMDs; however, the currently available evidence is insufficient to draw solid conclusions.
Subject(s)
Mouth Neoplasms , Periodontal Diseases , Periodontitis , Case-Control Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Mouth Neoplasms/complications , Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology , Periodontal Diseases/complications , Periodontal Diseases/diagnosis , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Periodontitis/complications , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Periodontitis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Periodontal diseases are considered a worldwide public health problem, owing to their high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Periodontitis may lead to tooth loss, which can impact oral health-related quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis have been extensively studied regarding their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment outcomes. However, most of these aspects are studied and discussed globally, which may hamper a clear interpretation of the findings and the design of effective plans of action for specific regions or populations. For example, in Latin America, epidemiological data about the distribution of periodontal diseases is still scarce, mainly when it comes to nationwide representative samples. This Consensus aimed to address the following topics related to periodontal diseases in Latin America: a) The impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health: a global reality; b) Periodontal diseases in Latin America; c) Strategies for the prevention of periodontal diseases in Latin America; d) Problems associated with diagnosis of periodontal conditions and possible solutions for Latin America; e) Treatment of Periodontitis. This consensus will help to increase awareness about diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases, in the context of Latin American countries.
Subject(s)
Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Periodontal Diseases/therapy , Female , Gingivitis/diagnosis , Gingivitis/epidemiology , Gingivitis/therapy , Global Burden of Disease , Humans , Latin America/epidemiology , Male , Oral Health , Periodontal Diseases/diagnosis , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Periodontitis/therapy , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
Abstract: Periodontal diseases are considered a worldwide public health problem, owing to their high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Periodontitis may lead to tooth loss, which can impact oral health-related quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis have been extensively studied regarding their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment outcomes. However, most of these aspects are studied and discussed globally, which may hamper a clear interpretation of the findings and the design of effective plans of action for specific regions or populations. For example, in Latin America, epidemiological data about the distribution of periodontal diseases is still scarce, mainly when it comes to nationwide representative samples. This Consensus aimed to address the following topics related to periodontal diseases in Latin America: a) The impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health: a global reality; b) Periodontal diseases in Latin America; c) Strategies for the prevention of periodontal diseases in Latin America; d) Problems associated with diagnosis of periodontal conditions and possible solutions for Latin America; e) Treatment of Periodontitis. This consensus will help to increase awareness about diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases, in the context of Latin American countries.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Periodontal Diseases/therapy , Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Periodontal Diseases/diagnosis , Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology , Periodontitis/diagnosis , Periodontitis/therapy , Periodontitis/epidemiology , Quality of Life , Oral Health , Global Burden of Disease , Gingivitis , Gingivitis/diagnosis , Gingivitis/epidemiology , Latin America/epidemiologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: the incidence of peri-implant diseases is high, and their optimal management is still debated. The purpose was to explore the levels of available evidence and to suggest evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Methods: a clinical practice guideline was developed using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) criteria. A search strategy was formulated, and a critical review of the following evidence was performed: 1) prevention of peri-implant diseases, 2) treatment of peri-implant mucositis, and 3) treatment of peri-implantitis. Systematic reviews and randomized controlled clinical trials were the primary study types identified in the literature. Current levels of evidence were established and recommendations were provided. Results: a total of 67 articles were included. Regarding the prevention of peri-implant diseases, there is strong evidence for the involvement of patients in a regular maintenance program according to their risk profile. Regarding the treatment of peri-implant mucositis, infection control measures are recommended; controversy exists over the usefulness of antimicrobial agents, and there is evidence against the use of antibiotics. Selection of the peri-implantitis treatment method depends on the severity of the condition and patient-related factors. Resective and regenerative therapies may be used for treatment. The use of systemic antibiotics favors the response of clinical parameters. There is conditional evidence for the use of other adjunctive therapies. Conclusions: the best way to prevent peri-implantitis is to prevent peri-implant mucositis through adherence to supportive periodontal therapy. Treatment of peri-implant diseases depends on local and systemic conditions that affect the success of other treatment options.
RESUMEN Introducción: la incidencia de las enfermedades periimplantarias es alta, y todavía existe polémica en torno a su óptima administración. El propósito del presente estudio consistió en explorar los niveles de evidencia disponibles y ofrecer recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el tratamiento de la mucositis periimplantaria y la periimplantitis. Métodos: se elaboró una guía de práctica clínica utilizando los criterios de la Red de Directrices Intercolegiales Escocesas (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, SIGN). Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda y se realizó una revisión crítica de las siguientes evidencias: 1) prevención de enfermedades periimplantarias, 2) tratamiento de la mucositis periimplantaria y 3) tratamiento de la periimplantitis. Las revisiones sistemáticas y los ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios fueron los principals tipos de estudio identificados en la literatura. Se establecieron los niveles actuales de evidencias y se ofrecieron recomendaciones. Resultados: se incluyeron 67 artículos. En cuanto a la prevención de enfermedades periimplantarias, hay claras evidencias de la participación de los pacientes en los programas de mantenimiento regular, de acuerdo con su perfil de riesgo. En cuanto al tratamiento de la mucositis periimplantaria, se recomiendan medidas de control de infecciones; existe controversia sobre la utilidad de los agentes antimicrobianos, y hay evidencia en contra del uso de antibióticos. La selección del método de tratamiento de la periimplantitis depende de la gravedad de la afección y de los factores relacionados con el paciente. Para el tratamiento se pueden utilizar terapias resectivas y regenerativas. El uso de antibióticos sistémicos favorece la respuesta de los parámetros clínicos. Hay evidencia condicional en cuanto al uso de otras terapias adyuvantes. Conclusiones: la mejor manera de prevenir la periimplantitis es prevenir la mucositis periimplantar mediante la adherencia a la terapia periodontal de apoyo. El tratamiento de las enfermedades periimplantarias depende de las condiciones locales y sistémicas que afectan el éxito de otras opciones de tratamiento.
Subject(s)
Peri-Implantitis , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Los principales factores de riesgo relacionados con eventos cardiovasculares son: edad, género, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, tabaquismo, bajo nivel de lipoproteínas de alta densidad, genética, estrés, obesidad y sedentarismo; pero existen factores de riesgo no identificados aún para explicar el modelo cardiovascular. La enfermedad periodontal ha emergido en las últimas décadas como un posible factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de eventos cardiovasculares. Una revisión sistemática presenta un riesgo relativo (RR) de 1,19 (IC 95 %, 1,08 -1,32) para la asociación entre la enfermedad periodontal y las enfermedades cardiovasculares y de 2,85 (IC 95 %, 1,78-4,56) para accidentes cerebrovasculares. La periodontitis tiene un efecto sistémico al producir gran cantidad de mediadores inflamatorios (hipersecreción de citoquinas IL-1, IL-6, IL- 8, prostaglandina E2, PCR y fibrinógeno). Se realizó una revisión narrativa acerca del impacto de la terapia periodontal mecánica y farmacológica sobre la función endotelial y sobre la disminución de sustancias pro-inflamatorias marcadoras de riesgo cardiovascular como la PCR y los niveles séricos de IL-6. Se concluye que la enfermedad periodontal es un factor de riesgo modificable, susceptible de ser prevenido y tratado con procedimientos de bajo riesgo, por lo tanto su tratamiento puede ser un componente integral de la cardiología preventiva.
The main risk factors associated with cardiovascular events include age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, low high-density lipoprotein, genetics, stress, obesity and physical inactivity. There are no identified risk factors still to explain the cardiovascular model. Periodontal disease has emerged in recent decades as a possible risk factor for developing cardiovascular events. A systematic review presents a relative risk (RR) of 1.19 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.32) for the association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease and 2.85 (95% CI, 1, 78 to 4.56) for stroke. Periodontitis has a systemic effect to produce large amounts of inflammatory mediators (hyper secretion of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, prostaglandin E2, CRP and fibrinogen). We conducted a narrative review of the impact of mechanical and drug periodontal therapy on endothelial function and decreased pro-inflammatory substances cardiovascular risk markers such as CRP and serum IL-6. It is concluded that periodontal disease is a modifiable risk factor, which could be prevented and treated with low-risk procedures, so their treatment can be an integral component of preventive cardiology.
